Nice speech by Masaki Shirakawa of BoJ.
Compares Swiss economy with Japanese economy:
Switzerland and Japan are very different. Switzerland is land-locked. It is in effect an island in the sea of the European Union, where about 60 percent of its exports are headed and 80 percent of its imports derive (Chart 1). Japan is far more populous. The Japanese economy is about nine times as large as the Swiss economy. Nevertheless, there are similarities. For example, both countries enjoy, or even suffer from, very stable prices. The average annual inflation, measured by headline CPI, over the twenty years from 1992 to 2011 was 1.1 percent in Switzerland and 0.1 percent in Japan (Chart 2). In August this year, the year-on-year change was -0.5 percent in Switzerland and -0.4 percent in Japan. Consequently, interest rates are also low (Chart 3). In recent weeks, the yield on ten-year government bonds has been hovering around 0.5 percent in Switzerland, slightly below Japan’s 0.7 to 0.8 percent range. Both currencies, as Thomas has explained, are at historically elevated levels.
He mentions the oft-compared issue of both JPY and CHF appreciation:
In this regard, the news media and the public are usually focused on a specific traded exchange rate between currencies, such as the Swiss franc to the euro or the yen to the U.S. dollar. These rates are important, but there are additional indicators for exchange rates. In order to understand what would happen in an economy when exchange rates fluctuate, exchange rates for all the trading partners must first be taken into account. From this viewpoint, we must look at the nominal effective exchange rate, which is a trade-weighted index of exchange rates. In the case of Switzerland and Japan, compared with January 2000, the nominal effective exchange rates in August 2012 were 41.4 percent and 17.4 percent higher, respectively (Chart 4). Secondly, we also need to consider the fact that higher inflation will erode competitiveness.
In other words, further information could be derived from the real exchange rate, which is the nominal rate adjusted for inflation. When a higher nominal exchange rate is offset by lower inflation, the real exchange rate stays at the same level. Actual calculation of these rates is admittedly difficult because of issues involved with comparing inflation between economies, but the rates fluctuate considerably over the long term. For example, between January 2000 and August 2012, the real effective exchange rates for Switzerland appreciated by 12.5 percent, whereas Japan’s depreciated by 19.3 percent (Chart 5).
Despite appreciation, Swiss exports have remained robust:
both Switzerland and Japan suffer from strong exchange rates, I am also struck by the dynamism of the Swiss economy. The U.S. dollar value of exports in Switzerland increased by 192 percent between 2000 and 2011, a threefold increase, whereas the comparable figure for Japan was an increase of 74 percent. Meanwhile, the domestic currency values increased by 53 percent and 28 percent, respectively (Chart 6). Exports by the pharmaceutical, precision machinery, and watches industries have increased considerably. This is particularly remarkable in view of the Swiss franc’s significant appreciation during the period, which was more than the yen’s, and such large shocks as the Great Financial Crisis and the more recent turmoil in the euro area.
The Swiss advantage…
